Thematic thinking and cognitive effort: when thematic relations get complicated

ABSTRACT Semantic memory encodes diverse thematic relations, yet their neurocognitive demands remain poorly understood. To investigate a heterogeneity of thematic relations, we recorded RTs and ERPs evoked in response to thematically related and unrelated noun–noun pairs. Related targets were recognised faster and elicited reduced N400 and late negativities, confirming a thematic priming effect. Critically, dynamic (change-denoting) thematic relations (e.g. builder – house) produced slower RTs and larger N400 / late negativities than static thematic relations (e.g., apple – seed). In contrast, telicity – the presence of an inherent endpoint – did not influence behaviour or ERPs once dynamicity was controlled. Priming effects – and the dynamicity cost – were most pronounced over midline and posterior scalp sites, implicating these regions in event-level semantic integration. These findings reveal fine-grained heterogeneity within thematic knowledge: conceptual change taxes the system of semantic representations and/or semantic control mechanisms, highlighting the importance of dynamicity when modelling event-based relations.