Modern materials and alloys for bone defect reconstruction in the maxillofacial area: from traditional solutions to innovative technologies

The aim of this review article is to systematize current data on materials and alloys used for the restoration of bone defects in the maxillofacial region, evaluate their advantages and limitations, and assess their prospects for clinical application. Titanium remains the “gold standard” in medical implants due to its high strength, biocompatibility, and durability. However, modern trends in medicine and materials science indicate a growing interest in bioresorbable materials and 3D technologies, which open new horizons for the development of more advanced and functional implants. These innovative approaches not only enhance implant integration with biological tissues but also minimize the risks of long-term complications, such as bone stress shielding or the need for secondary surgeries to remove the implant. One of the most crucial aspects of modern implantology is the necessity for a personalized approach to each patient. This includes considering not only anatomical features but also individual biological and physiological parameters. Interdisciplinary research that brings together the expertise of surgeons, material scientists, bioengineers, and biologists plays a key role in the successful development of new materials and technologies, which present immense opportunities for improving patients’ quality of life. However, to fully realize this potential, continued active research, strengthened interdisciplinary collaboration, and attention not only to technical aspects but also to ethical and economic considerations in the development and implementation of innovations are essential.