Perceptions of fairness in gender relations: a qualitative study of South Korean middle-aged men.

PURPOSE This study aims to explore how middle-aged men perceive gender equality and fairness, and to investigate the underlying causes and behavioral responses to what they perceive as reverse discrimination. Specifically, it seeks to deeply understand the unique challenges and shifting perceptions of middle-aged men in the context of rapid socio-cultural transitions currently occurring in South Korea.

METHODS This study employed qualitative research methods, conducting semi-structured in-depth interviews with 15 middle-aged men who have children. The collected interview data were rigorously analyzed using the Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) method to ensure objectivity. The research team individually reviewed the interview transcripts and systematically analyzed the data through three distinct stages: domain identification, core ideas extraction, and cross-analysis.

RESULTS The study identified four main domains as the causes of perceived reverse discrimination among middle-aged men: uncomfortable expectations and prejudices, perception of preferential treatment towards women, changing roles and responsibilities, and lack of institutional support. Additionally, their responses to perceived reverse discrimination were categorized into three domains: denial/suppression, involuntary compliance, and cognitive restructuring.

CONCLUSIONS This study provides important insights into how middle-aged men react to gender equality policies and broader social changes. These findings offer a foundational basis for psychological counseling and policy development. Furthermore, the results contribute to reducing social conflicts and fostering mutual understanding in the ongoing process of promoting gender equality within Korean society.