Tumbling-hand optotype: a novel gesture-based tool for visual acuity assessment in neurodivergent populations

ABSTRACTObjective:This study aimed to validate the psychometric properties, feasibility, and clinical utility of the Tumbling-Hand test.Methods:The validation process involved two phases. In neurotypical participants, VA thresholds of the Tumbling-Hand test were compared with the printed Tumbling E test, with repeatability assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland-Altman analysis.