REFRACTION AND ACCOMMODATION: MECHANISMS, DISORDERS, AND PRINCIPLES OF CORRECTION

The paper focuses on physiological mechanisms of refraction and accommodation and the loss of retinal image quality in related disorders. The aim is to systematize major disorder types and current diagnostic and correction approaches. A narrative review and a cross-sectional assessment of 150 symptomatic patients (20–30 vs 40–60 years) were performed. Age-related differences in refractive and accommodative disorders and in correction patterns are presented. The novelty lies in emphasizing modern correction technologies: myopia-control optical designs, orthokeratology, surgical solutions using extended-depth-of-focus intraocular lenses, and pharmacological treatment options for presbyopia.