Land-use dynamics and grassland succession challenges in the Natura 2000 site Kras: The socioeconomic perspective

Grasslands in the Natura 2000 site Kras are biodiversity hotspots with ecological, cultural and socioeconomic importance. However, the region faces challenges due to grassland loss and encroachment of forests and shrubs. This study examines land-use changes from 2002 to 2024 and the socioeconomic factors influencing these dynamics. Spatial analysis revealed substantial declines in grasslands, predominantly replaced by overgrown areas and forests. Socioeconomic factors such as farm holder age, livestock density and proximity to forests and roads showed complex interactions affecting grassland persistence, loss and gain. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted conservation measures integrating adaptive grazing, sustainable forestry and enhanced policy support to balance grassland conservation with economic viability.