Bulk, skeletal, and solid density measurements for porous volcanic rocks using a simple water-displacement method

A water-displacement method was developed to measure the density and porosity of porous volcanic rocks through water impregnation and saturation. This method enabled the measurement of bulk, skeletal, and solid densities, as well as total, connected, and isolated porosities, using inexpensive equipment. Bulk and skeletal densi- ties of pumice samples from the 2021 Fukutoku-Oka-no-Ba eruption were measured using the water-displacement method. These results were compared with those obtained from previous and new measurements using gas- displacement and pseudofluid-displacement