Respiration-coordinated attentional switch from feedforward to top-down informational flow directed by the basal forebrain: layer-specific blanket inhibition of pyramidal cells by neurogliaform cells in the piriform cortex

When we are awake, we pay attention to a specific object in the surrounding world. Feedforward transmission of sensory information is enhanced in the cortico-cortical networks during the inhalation phase of the respiratory cycle for identification and evaluation of sensory information. Memory engrams of the associated scene are recalled by the sensory signal as a search tag. In the mammalian olfactory system, a topographic pattern of activated glomeruli in the olfactory bulb is transferred to the piriform cortex via the anterior olfactory nucleus, and then to higher cognitive areas. The odor map is utilized as a QR code (two-dimensional bar code) for recollection of the associative memory scene. Higher cognitive areas generate imagery of the multisensory cognitive scene, determine the valence of input information, and make behavioral decisions during the exhalation phase of respiration. The cognitive scene information for valence decision is transmitted back to the olfactory cortical areas in the top-down direction through the same set of pyramidal cells as used for the feedforward transmission of sensory information. The top-down information not only directs the output behaviors and generates emotional states but also rewrites the existing memory engrams. Then, How is this attentional switch from the surrounding outer world to the cognitive inner world regulated in a respiration-phase correlated manner? We propose that the basal forebrain inputs to neurogliaform cells in the piriform cortex may play a key role in switching attention by layer-specific blanket inhibition of pyramidal cells.