A state-of-art review on the sustainable technologies for cadmium removal from wastewater

Cadmium pollution in wastewater has long become a daunting issue because of the rapid development of industries and modern technologies, exposure to cadmium has a significant effect on human health. Thus, it is crucial to treat wastewater, this review aims to discuss and compare different treatments for cadmium in wastewater such as precipitation, coagulation, flotation, membrane filtration, biosorption, and carbon-based nanosorbent. The advances in the development of the current treatments of cadmium in wastewater represent some of the most significant milestones in the treatment strategies with most treatments showing almost complete removal of cadmium wastewater and promising reusability. However, it still possesses certain limitations which further elaborated to give insights into the future development of better treatments. Finally, future direction to address the issue of cadmium pollution was presented to pave the way for the development of more eco-friendly treatments.