Microstructural Dynamics in Cement Mortars Fortified with a Sustainable Graphene Derivative

This study explores the influence of a sustainable form of graphene derivative, Date Syrup Graphene Sand Hybrid (D-GSH), on the microstructural evolution of cement mortars. Two mortar mixtures were prepared: plain and D-GSH-modified cement mortar. D- GSH-modified cement mortar mix had a concentration of 0.5% by weight of cement, while maintaining a water-to-cement ratio of 0.5. The synthesized D-GSH was ultrasonicated in water to ensure dispersion before incorporation. Microstructural changes were assessed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) at 1 and 7 days. The results revealed that D-GSH significantly accelerated the hydration and enhanced the microstructure. The mixture made with 0.5% D-GSH exhibited a denser matrix, refined crystalline morphology, and reduced porosity, attributed to the nucleation effect of D-GSH. Unique flower-like structures on the surfaces of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) crystals were observed in the D-GSH-modified mixes, which were absent in the plain mix, resulting in reduced pores in the microstructure of the D-GSH-modified mixtures. XRD analysis confirmed the enhanced hydration kinetics with accelerated C 3S consumption and higher portlandite (Ca(OH)2) formation. The findings suggest that D -GSH could improve the performance and longevity of cement mortar, offering a sustainable solution for developing advanced building materials.