Alternative protein source to cover needs in early childhood.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review investigates protein intake in early childhood (2-5 years), with particular attention to the context of climate change. Specifically, it draws on recent evidence regarding different protein sources and their respective benefits and concerns for both human and planetary health.

RECENT FINDINGS While high protein intake, particularly from animal sources, during early childhood may contribute to excessive weight gain, both the quantity and quality of protein may shape growth trajectories and low intake of total protein or indispensable amino acids may result in growth restriction. The relevance of protein quality and amino acid composition is increasingly recognized. Plant-based and insect-derived proteins are emerging as sustainable alternatives with promising nutrient profiles, though uncertainties persist regarding digestibility, allergenicity, and long-term effects. Early childhood offers a key opportunity to introduce these proteins, yet evidence on acceptance and integration in children aged 2-5 years is still limited. Sensory preferences, food neophobia, and parental attitudes are major determinants of children's willingness to try and regularly consume alternative proteins.

SUMMARY Meeting protein needs in early childhood requires balancing developmental demands with environmental sustainability. Alternative proteins may support this transition, but their nutritional adequacy, safety, and cultural acceptability must be ensured. Personalized nutrition strategies will be essential for guiding appropriate protein choices and promoting healthy growth during this formative period.