Incorporating airborne LiDAR into reliable and scalable garden wildfire hazard assessments at the wildland–urban interface

<b>Background.</b> The creation of defensible space, an area around the house where fuel is managed according to specific guidelines, can reduce ignition and fire spread, mitigating wildfire threat to communities. Remote sensing approaches can facilitate assessments of defensible spaces. <b>Aims.</b> To develop a protocol to evaluate which defensible space hazards can be accurately assessed using LiDAR. <b>Methods.</b> We used high and low point density airborne LiDAR to measure hazards in 31 gardens in southeast Tasmania (Australia) based on alignment with defensible space guidelines. We compared the resulting ‘garden hazard scores’ with those generated from field observations to identify garden characteristics that can be estimated using LiDAR, as well as the best analysis resolution to do so. <b>Key Results.</b> We found a good association between field data and LiDAR measures of vegetation cover and spatial arrangement, but not plant flammability, inferred using NDVI, or flammable objects. Low-density LiDAR consistently underestimated cover metrics compared with high-density LiDAR. Nonetheless, garden hazard scores calculated using either high- or low-density LiDAR yielded results similar to those obtained using only field observations. <b>Implications.</b> LiDAR can be used to conduct semi-automatic, large-scale measurements of some, albeit not all, critical garden hazards.