Advancing physical activity monitoring through bioimpedance measurement: a review

Bioimpedance measurements have gained significant attention due to their ability to assess body composition, muscle health, and internal physiological states without the need for intrusive procedures. This review paper explores the advancements and applications of bioimpedance technology, a non-invasive and cost-effective method for real-time monitoring of physiological parameters and physical activities. It discusses key measurement modalities such as bioelectrical impedance analysis, electrical impedance myography, and electrical impedance tomography, highlighting their unique advantages and applications. It also examines the role of biopotential electrodes, both polarizable and non-polarizable, in ensuring accurate physiological measurements. Despite challenges such as low spatial resolution, motion artifacts and sensitivity to electrode placement, the review highlights promising solutions. These include the integration of hybrid sensor systems, machine learning algorithms for signal interpretation, and the development of wearable and flexible electronics. The paper concludes by emphasizing the growing potential of bioimpedance technology in fields such as sports science, rehabilitation, personalised healthcare, fitness monitoring, and human-machine interaction, suggesting a future where continuous physiological monitoring becomes seamlessly embedded in daily life.