Male Breast Cancer Around the Globe: Epidemiological Trends, Clinical Characteristics, and Future Directions — A Narrative Review

Background: Male breast cancer (MBC), although rare, represents less than 1% of all breast cancer (BC) cases and has been gradually increasing in incidence, with significant geographic and demographic variation. It primarily affects older men and is often diagnosed at advanced stages due to a lack of awareness and screening, leading to poorer survival outcomes compared to female breast cancer (FBC). Risk factors include genetic mutations (e.g., BRCA2), hormonal imbalances, obesity, exposure to environmental carcinogens, and a family history. MBC is characterized by high hormone receptor positivity and unique genomic features, such as BRCA2 mutations and homologous recombination deficiency (HRD). Current treatments are similar to those for FBC, highlighting the need for male-specific clinical trials and guidelines. Psychosocial challenges, including stigma and limited support, affect patients' quality of life. Objective: This review aims to explore the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management strategies of MBC, highlighting the need for male-specific therapeutic approaches, public health campaigns, and improved screening programs to enhance early detection and clinical outcomes. Methods: An extensive literature review was conducted using selected databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Springer Link. The review focused on keywords like "Male breast cancer," "BRCA2 mutation," "Hormone receptors," "Molecular profiling," and "Clinical management." Key Content and Findings: The review shows that the incidence of MBC has increased globally, with older men being more affected. Genetic and hormonal factors are similar to those in women, with BRCA2 mutations and HRD being more prevalent in MBC. However, the lack of male-specific treatment protocols remains a major challenge Conclusions: The review emphasizes the importance of male-specific clinical trials, tailored management guidelines, and personalized therapies to improve early detection and clinical outcomes for men with BC