Extremum Seeking Control SystemsTraffic control and managementMotor Control and Adaptation

R. Sepulchre, Alessandro Cecconi, Michelangelo Bin, Lorenzo Marconi

2026.2.1IEEE CONTROL SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

DOI: 10.1109/mcs.2025.3627046

Abstract

This article revisits the importance of the internal model principle in the literature of regulation and synchronization. Trajectory regulation, the task of regulating continuous-time signals generated by differential equations, is contrasted with event regulation, the task of regulating only discrete events associated with the trajectories. In trajectory regulation, the internal model principle requires an exact internal generator of the continuous-time trajectories, which translates into unrealistic calibration requirements. Event regulation is envisioned as a way to relieve calibration of the continuous behavior while ensuring the reliability of the discrete events.

Citation format

SEPULCHRE, R., et al. Regulation without calibration: From trajectory to event regulation. IEEE CONTROL SYSTEMS MAGAZINE, 2026, 46(1): 55–69.