The effectiveness of online acceptance and commitment therapy-based interventions on depression, burnout, anxiety and stress in occupational contexts: A systematic narrative review

Declining employee mental health has led to an interest in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)-based interventions that aim to develop psychological flexibility. While existing literature primarily focuses on face-to-face interventions, evidence on online ACT interventions in occupational settings remains limited. This systematic narrative review synthesized findings on the outcomes of online ACT-based interventions for employees. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 and Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) guidelines, six databases were searched, yielding 11 randomized controlled trials targeting burnout, depression, anxiety, and stress. Most studies reported modest but significant improvements in these outcomes, often sustained at follow-up. Psychological flexibility consistently emerged as the principal mechanism of change. Intervention formats and engagement varied widely; partially guided programs demonstrated higher adherence than fully self-guided formats, though time constraints and workload frequently hindered participation. Online ACT-based interventions appear tentatively promising for improving employee well-being, but methodological heterogeneity, limited cultural diversity, and short follow-up periods constrain firm conclusions. Future studies should employ standardized protocols, process-based measures, and longer follow-ups to clarify the mechanisms and sustainability of change.