Enhancing the Evidence for Care in Underserved Bleeding Disorders Communities.

BACKGROUND Major advances in haemophilia care have not translated equitably across all populations. Individuals with rare bleeding disorders (RBDs), people living in low- and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs) and women and girls with inherited bleeding disorders (WGWBD) continue to face significant diagnostic, therapeutic and research disadvantages.

OBJECTIVE To critically evaluate the current evidence base for these underserved groups, identify persistent knowledge and implementation gaps and outline strategic priorities to strengthen diagnostic capacity, research infrastructure and equity in care delivery.

METHODS A comprehensive literature review of studies published between 2018 and 2025 was conducted across PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar, focusing on epidemiology, diagnostic pathways, clinical outcomes, access to treatment and effectiveness of targeted interventions.

RESULTS Approximately 75% of individuals with inherited bleeding disorders in LMICs remain undiagnosed, with diagnostic delays historically lasting decades. RBDs account for 3%-5% of bleeding disorders but are characterised by limited natural history data and minimal comparative-effectiveness research. WGWBD experience median diagnostic delays of 8 years, with heavy menstrual bleeding affecting 55%-74% and significantly impairing quality of life. Training initiatives, gynaecology-based screening and international registries have improved case detection, though robust evidence on long-term sustainability and cost-effectiveness is lacking.

CONCLUSIONS Strengthening diagnostic systems, expanding harmonised registries, advancing implementation research and prioritising equity-driven strategies are essential to closing critical evidence gaps and improving care for these underserved populations.