Weak states and the dilemmas of major powers in South Asian regional politics

This study examines the dilemmas faced by weak states in South Asia through the lenses of geopolitics, geoeconomics, and security dynamics. It addresses the central research question: how do weak states leverage the competition among major powers to create opportunities for their own benefit? To answer this question, the study employs a historical– geographic approach, qualitative research methods, in-depth expert interviews, and a review of recent literature. Through a critical assessment of mainstream IR theories – particularly realism and constructivism – this paper argues that the dynamics of South Asia call for a new theoretical framework that synthesises elements of these established approaches. One innovative avenue is the application of postcolonial theory, which challenges Westerncentric IR paradigms and provides a critical lens through which to analyse power relations, identity formation, and historical legacies of the region. The study finds that weak states in South Asia have predominantly pursued hedging strategies in their relations with dominant powers, enabling them to create limited leverage. While this strategy may offer short-term advantages, there are growing concerns that long-term pressure from dominant powers to align with one side could result in geopolitical entrapment.