Chemoradiation of glioblastoma cells alters expression of activation and immune checkpoint molecules on type 1 and 2 dendritic cells and impacts on subsequent T cell proliferation

Highlights • Chemoradiation-treated glioblastoma cells increase activation and immune checkpoint molecules on cDC1-like cells.• cDC2-like cells exhibit a comparatively minor response.• The extracellular milieu's composition is dependent on the treatment regimen.• T-cell proliferation increases due to modifications in dendritic cells after chemoradiation of glioblastoma cells.