Performance Investigation and Efficiency Enhancement of Eco-Friendly Tin-Based CH3NH3SnI3 Perovskite Solar Cell via SCAPS-1D

Halide perovskite materials, particularly lead-based CH3NH3PbI3, have garnered significant attention in the PV industry for their exceptional efficiency in solar cell applications. However, due to the toxicity of lead, research interest has shifted toward Sn-based alternatives. This study explores a lead-free Sn-based perovskite solar cell (PSC) with the structure ITO/TiO2/CH3NH3SnI3/CBTS/Ni, where CH3NH3SnI3 (MASnI3) serves as the absorber material, TiO? as the electron transport layer (ETL), Cu2BaSnS4 (CBTS) as the hole transporting layer (HTL). Device performance is analyzed using the SCAPS-1D simulation software. The impact of key performance-determining parameters, including the thickness, doping density, and defect density of the absorber, ETL, and HTL, has been accounted for. The proposed PSC architecture, optimized for key performance-determining parameters, achieves a power conversion efficiency PCE (?) of 27.28%, an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.0283 V, a fill factor (FF) of 83.62%, and a short-circuit current density (JSC) of 31.72 mA/cm2. This study examines the influence of interface defect density, shunt and series resistances, back-contact metal work function, and operating temperature on the performance of PSCs. Furthermore, the analysis includes current density-voltage (J-V) and quantum efficiency (QE) characteristics to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed PSC. ABSTRAK:  Bahan perovskit halida, khususnya CH?NH?PbI? berasaskan plumbum, telah menarik perhatian besar dalam industri fotovolta (PV) berikutan kecekapan tinggi dalam aplikasi sel suria; namun, isu ketoksikan plumbum telah mengalih tumpuan penyelidikan kepada alternatif berasaskan timah (Sn). Kajian ini meneroka sel suria perovskit (PSC) bebas plumbum berasaskan Sn dengan seni bina ITO/TiO?/CH?NH?SnI?/CBTS/Ni, di mana CH?NH?SnI? (MASnI?) bertindak sebagai bahan penyerap, TiO? sebagai lapisan pengangkut elektron (ETL), dan Cu?BaSnS? (CBTS) sebagai lapisan pengangkut lubang (HTL). Prestasi peranti dianalisa menggunakan perisian simulasi SCAPS-1D dengan mengambil kira parameter penentu prestasi utama, termasuk ketebalan, ketumpatan pendopan, dan ketumpatan kecacatan bagi lapisan penyerap, ETL dan HTL. Seni bina PSC yang dicadangkan, selepas pengoptimuman parameter, mencapai kecekapan penukaran kuasa (PCE) sebanyak 27.28%, voltan litar terbuka (V_OC) 1.0283 V, faktor pengisian (FF) 83.62%, dan ketumpatan arus litar pintas (J_SC) 31.72 mA/cm². Kajian ini turut menilai pengaruh ketumpatan kecacatan antara muka, rintangan siri dan pirau, fungsi kerja logam sentuhan belakang, serta suhu operasi terhadap prestasi PSC. Di samping itu, analisis ciri ketumpatan arus–voltan (J–V) dan kecekapan kuantum (QE) disertakan bagi memberikan penilaian menyeluruh terhadap keberkesanan sel suria perovskit yang dicadangkan.