Imaging of Epilepsy Surgery, Minimally Invasive Techniques, and Neuromodulation.

Modern epilepsy surgery encompasses traditional resective procedures, minimally invasive ablative techniques, and neuromodulation devices for drug-resistant epilepsy management. Radiologists play critical roles in preoperative planning, procedural guidance, and postoperative surveillance across this therapeutic spectrum. This article examines imaging considerations for intracranial monitoring, surgical resection, laser interstitial thermal treatment, radiofrequency ablation, and neuromodulation devices. Understanding characteristic imaging appearances, temporal evolution patterns, and MR imaging safety protocols enables radiologists to optimize patient care and contribute effectively to multidisciplinary epilepsy teams in improving seizure outcomes while preserving neurologic function.