The impact of economic, social, and political globalization with economic complexity on ecosystem vitality: the case of the UK

This paper explores the effects of economic complexity and globalization in different economic, social, and political development aspects on ecosystem vitality within the United Kingdom, covering 1995-2023. The study used FMOLS cointegration regression and Impulse Response Function analyses on two empirical models composed of linear and nonlinear components. The analysis shows a positive impact of growth complexity and ecosystem vitality. This relationship may be driven by technological innovation and improved resource efficiency. Economic globalization has a negative impact on ecosystems, while social and political globalization has a positive effect. In addition, we examine how GDP per capita, population density, education level, energy consumption, and renewable energy influence ecosystem vitality. An early rise in GDP per capita positively affects ecosystem vitality, but this effect turns negative after reaching a certain threshold. Population density and energy use have adverse effects on ecosystem vitality, while renewable energy, together with higher levels of education, have positive impacts on ecosystem vitality. These findings suggest that integrated policies aimed at reconciling such aspects as economic complexity, globalization, and other socio-economic factors are required to ensure that the ecology remains sustainable despite development processes occurring in the economy. They stress the significance of continuous interventions for maintaining environmental benefits.