Rulemaking in the Shade: An Empirical Study of EPA's Air Toxic Emission Standards

In troduction ............................................................................................... 100 I. Interest Groups and Administrative Law: Background and Problem A reas ................................................................................. 104 A. Interest Group Representation and Administrative A ccountability .......................................................................... 104 B. Rulem aking in the Shade ........................................................ 109 1. Rule Development (the Pre-Notice of Proposed Rulem aking (NPRM ) Period) ............................................ 110 2. After the Rule Is Final (the Post-Final Period) ................... 113 3. The Notice-and-Comment Process in Complex R ulem akings ...................................................................... 116 4. Sum m ary ........................................................................... 118 II. Study D esign ................................................................................... 119 A . Coding the D ocket Index ........................................................ 121 B. Coding the Significant Changes in the Proposed Rule ........... 122