Intratumoral recombinant GM-CSF-encoding virus as gene therapy in patients with cutaneous melanoma

Seven immunocompetent, revaccinated patients with surgically incurable cutaneous melanoma underwent treatment of dermal and/or subcutaneous metastases with twice-weekly intratumoral injections of escalating doses of a vaccinia/GM-CSF recombinant virus for 6 weeks, finding it safe, effective at maintaining passenger gene function, and can induce tumor regression.