Eleutherodactylus frog introductions to Hawaii

As an oceanic archipelago isolated from continental source areas, Hawaii lacks native terrestrial reptiles and amphibians, Polynesians apparently introduced seven gecko and skink species after discovering the islands approximately 1500 years ago, and another 15 reptiles and five frogs have been introduced in the last century and a half (McKeown 1996). The Polynesian introductions are probably inadvertent because the species involved are known stowaway dispersers (Gibbons 1985; Dye and Steadman 1990), In contrast, most of the herpetological introductions since European contact with Hawaii have been intentional. Several frog species were released for biocontrol of insects (e.g., Dendrobates auratus, Bufo marinus, Rana rugosa, Bryan 1932; Oliver and Shaw 1953), and most of the remaining species are released or escaped pets (e.g., Phelsuma spp., Chamaeleo jacksonii, Iguana iguana, McKeown 1996), Government-approved releases have not occurred for many years, but the rate of establishment of new species has increased in the past few decades because of the importation and subsequent release of pets. We report the recent establishment in Hawaii of three new species of frogs native to the Caribbean: Eleutherodactylus coqui, E. martinicensis, and E. planirostris. Several Antillean Eleutherodactylus species have been introduced outside their natural ranges (Table 1) by hitchhiking with nursery plants, but these represent the first reports of establishment of the genus outside the general Caribbean region. Eleutherodactylus coqui recently