Oxidative stress: the mitochondria-dependent and mitochondria-independent pathways of apoptosis

This review highlights the basic mechanisms of ROS production and their sites of formation; detail mechanism of both mitochondria-dependent and mitochondrial-independent pathways of apoptosis as well as their regulation by ROS and describes the involvement of oxidative stress under various environmental toxin- and drug-induced organ pathophysiology and diabetes-mediated apoptosis.