Corrosion of Steel in Concrete

The sections in this article are Introduction Concrete Cement Types and Hydration Reaction Porosity and Transport Properties Water-to-Cement Ratio and Curing Porosity, Permeability and Percolation Deterioration of Concrete Frost and De-icing Salts Chemical Attack of Concrete Sea Water Attack by Sulfates Corrosion of Steel in Concrete General Electrochemistry of Steel in Concrete Corrosion Potential Initiation Phase Depassivation Due to Chloride Ions Depassivation Due to Carbonation Propagation Phase Chloride-Induced Corrosion Preventive Measures Inhibitors as a Preventive Measure Mechanism Nitrites MFP (Sodium Monofluoro Phosphate) Organic-Based Inhibitors Stainless Steels Epoxy-Coated Rebars Non-Metallic Reinforcement Cathodic Prevention Other Preventive Measures Monitoring and Condition Assessment of RC Structures Half-Cell Potential Mapping Principle Procedure Interpretation Resistivity Measurements General Measurements at the Surface Corrosion Rate General Determination of the Polarization Resistance Execution of the Measurements Corrosion Rate Measurements On-Site Interpretation of the Results Rehabilitation of Reinforced Concrete Structures General Structural Conditions Cause of Deterioration Expected Service Life of the Structure Corrosion Inhibitors for Repair Electrochemical Protection and Repair Methods Fundamentals The Electrochemical Reactions at the Cathode (the Rebars) Laboratory Results Results from Field Applications Electrochemical Treatment and Monitoring Control of the Effectiveness Durability of the Treatment Traditional Repair Methods Outlook