An evaluation of rbcL, tufA, UPA, LSU and ITS as DNA barcode markers for the marine green macroalgae

T he universality and species discriminatory power of the plastid rubisco large subunit (rbcL) (considering 5' and 3' fragments independently), elongation factor tufA ,a nd universal amplicon (UPA), and the nuclear D2/D3 region of the large ribosomal subunit (LSU) and the internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal cistron (ITS) were evaluated for their utility as DNA barcode markers for green macroalgae. Excepting low success for ITS, all of these markers failed for the Cladophoraceae. For the remaining taxa, the 3' region of the rbc L( rbcL-3P) and tufA had the largest barcode gaps (difference between maximum intra- and minimum inter-specific divergence). Unfortunately, moderate amplification success (80 %e xcluding Cladophoracae) caused, at least in part, by the presence of introns within the rbcL-3P for some taxa reduced the utility of this marker as au niversal barcode system. The tufA marker, on the other hand, had strong amplification success (95% excluding the Cladophoraceae) and no introns were uncovered. We thus recommend that tufA be adopted as the standard marker for the routine barcoding of green marine macroalgae (excluding the Cladophoraceae). During this survey we discovered cryptic species in Acrosiphonia, Monostroma ,a nd Ulva indicating that significant taxonomic work remains for green macroalgae. Chlorophyta /D NA barcoding /g reen algae /I TS /L SU / rbc L/ tufA /U P