A Review of the Effects of Hypolimnetic Oxygenation on Lake and Reservoir Water Quality

ABSTRACT Hypolimnetic aeration is an increasingly common management technique that aerates the hypolimnion while preserving thermal stratification. While most hypolimnetic aeration systems use air as an oxygen source, use of pure oxygen is growing. Potential benefits of hypolimnetic oxygenation include maintenance of an oxygenated source of cool water to meet consumer and environmental needs, decreases in internal nutrient loading, inhibition of sediment release of problematic reduced compounds, and maintenance of summertime habitat for cold-water fish, zooplankton and zoobenthos. A number of short-term experimental oxygenation systems were operated in the 1970s, but large scale systems were not implemented until the 1980s. Deep oxygen injection systems have been operating in Lakes Sempach, Baldegg, and Hallwil, Switzerland, since the early 1980s to ameliorate cultural eutrophication. Deep oxygen injection has also been used to increase DO in hydroelectric releases from a number of large reservoirs in the...