ФИЛОМЕТАБОЛИЧЕСКОЕ ЯДРО МИКРОБИОТЫ КИШЕЧНИКА

The authors  discuss the  theory  of human  superorganism and its microbiota (microbiome), whose mutualistic  interactions  is realized within the  microbiota – gut – brain axis that includes endocrine, immune and neurohumoral pathways. The newest concepts  of microbiome enterotypes and core microbiota  are  presented, which are  important  for understanding of the  role of symbiotic  microorganisms  in human  vital activities, for explanation of pathophysiology of many  chronic  human  diseases  (beyond  gastrointestinal disorders), as well as for the  search of effective therapeutic targets. As highly promising are considered  the functional approaches to studies  of microbiota  that  allowed to formulate the concept  of phylometabolic (phylofunctional) core. This is a series of evolutionally stable microorganisms  responsible  for majority of the  main microbiome  functions, such as fermentation  of polysaccharides  (glycans), production of short-chain  fatty acids (butyrate, propionate, acetate), hydrogen  utilization, production of lactate, metabolism of aminoacids, bile acids, choline, production  of vitamins and  some  biologically active substances – anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, immunostimulatory. The authors are first to describe the main functional groups  of microorganisms  of gut microbiota phylometabolic core, providing key metabolic functions, as well as the leading characteristics of the  phylometabolic core as such. The perspectives  of modification  of composition  and functions  of phylometabolic microbiota  core are discussed based on metabiotics  as a virtually new class of therapeutic agents. A hypothesis has been proposed that  the  ratios  between main  components of the key gut microbiota may reflect fundamental  processed  related  to a mutualistic interactions between microbiota and human body, as well as they may serve as effective biological markers of dysbiotic states  determining the  development of  various  pathologic conditions.  For  example, the  ratio between Bacteroides spp. and  butyrate producing  bacteria  that  indirectly indicates  total numbers  of microbial genes  can be used both for assessment of chronic inflammation of various localization (starting  from inflammatory  bowel disease to fat tissue inflammation related to metabolic syndrome), and for control of treatment efficacy.