Carotid-cavernous and orbital arteriovenous fistulas: ocular features, diagnostic and hemodynamic considerations in relation to visual impairment and morbidity

The author investigated 101 cases with direct dural carotid-cavernous and orbital arteriovenous fistulas (CCF) and found that the characteristic clinical findings, such as specific epibulbar arterialized loops, are described and the differential diagnosis of the striking diagnostic triad is discussed.