Learning Together and Alone: Overview and Meta‐analysis

The cooperative learning method known as Learning Together and Alone centres on the integrated use of cooperative, competitive and individualistic learning (Johnson, 1970; Johnson and Johnson, 1975/1999a, 1978). Learning Together and Alone is a conceptual system teachers can use to structure any lesson cooperatively, in any subject area, grade level or educational setting. A considerable amount of research has been conducted regarding its effectiveness. Learning Together and Alone has its primary roots in social interdependence theory. Theoretically, it originates from the work of a few. One of whom is Kurt Koffka, one of the founders of the Gestalt School of Psychology. The other is Kurt Lewin who is the founder of modern day social psychology. The third is Morton Deutsch, one of Lewin's students, who formulated social interdependence theory in which cooperative, competitive and individualistic efforts are defined. Furthermore, the authors of this article have also refined and extended Deutsch's theorising. Practically, Learning Together's roots are in the work of: