RSSI and Machine Learning-Based Indoor Localization Systems for Smart Cities

The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine Learning (ML) has significantly increased the demand for Location-Based Services (LBS) in today’s world. Among these services, indoor positioning and navigation have emerged as crucial components, driving the growth of indoor localization systems. However, using GPS in indoor environments is impractical, leading to a surge in interest in Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and machine learning-based algorithms for in-building localization and navigation in recent years. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the technologies, applications, and future research directions of ML-based indoor localization for smart cities. Additionally, it examines the potential of ML algorithms in improving localization accuracy and performance in indoor environments.