Environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and ecotoxicology of heavy metals

ABSTRACT Heavy metals, pervasive in the environment due to natural processes and human activities, pose substantial threats to ecosystems and human health. This study aims to delve into the sources, contamination pathways in natural waters, and subsequent bioaccumulation of heavy metals across various organisms. The overview encompasses an exploration of the environmental persistence, bioaccumulation dynamics, and ecotoxicological impacts of these metals. Methodologically, this research undertakes a comprehensive review synthesizing existing literature and studies on heavy metal contamination, bioaccumulation mechanisms, and ecotoxicity. Key findings highlight the protracted environmental persistence of heavy metals, perpetuating significant threats to ecological balance and human well-being. Notably, the transfer of these metals through food chains culminates in their bioaccumulation in diverse organisms, raising concerns about potential toxicity, including human exposure. The discussion underscores the imperative nature of assessing heavy metal pollution and its ramifications on ecosystems and human health. Emphasizing the essential role of bioindicators and biomarkers, this article elucidates their significance in evaluating heavy metal-induced environmental stressors and their impact on both biota and human populations. This comprehensive study contributes to a nuanced understanding of heavy metal dynamics, advocating for proactive measures in monitoring and mitigating their deleterious effects on ecosystems and human health.