Ameliorative Effect of Azolla pinnata on Imidacloprid Induced Hepatorenal Toxicity, Oxidative Stress and Immunosuppression In Nile tilapia

| The current study aimed to investigate the protective impact of dietary supplementation of Azolla pinnata against sublethal toxicity of Imidacloprid (IMI) in Nile Tilapia. A total of 180 fish were distributed randomly to six groups in triplicate. The first group (control) was fed a basal diet, the second (A 2%) and third groups (A 4%) were fed on basal diets supplemented by 20 g kg−1 and 40 g kg−1 of diet Azolla, respectively. However, the fourth, fifth, and sixth groups, exposed to 0.05 μgL−1 IMI (1/2 LC50), were fed supplemented diets as follows: IMI (basal diet), IMI-A 2% (Azolla, 20 g kg−1), IMI-A 4% (Azolla, 40 g kg−1) respectively, for 8 weeks. The findings showed that a significant (p˂0.05) elevation in the levels of serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea, creatinine, and malondialdehyde (MDA), meanwhile, the antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH) content, nitric oxide (NO) as well as lysozyme activity were markedly (p˂0.05) declined in the IMI-exposed fish. Interestingly, Azolla supplementation attenuated these variables with improving liver and kidney markers (p˂0.05). Therefore, Azolla pinnata may be a valuable candidate as a natural antioxidant for ameliorating imidacloprid toxicity in Nile tilapia.