Ameliorating a sandy soil using biochar and compost amendments and their implications as slow release fertilizers on plant growth

Limitations of plant available nutrients and soil moisture are the borders affecting crop productivity in sandy soils (Liu et al., 2012). Moreover, the extensive human activities have resulted in remarkable degradations in soil quality and fertility (El-Naggar et al., 2019). To restore and/or improve soil fertility, recycling of organic wastes might be the optimum choice (Abbas et al., 2011; Farid et al., 2014 and Ding et al., 2016); after P OOR fertility and low water retention at the different soil moisture constants are both limiting factors of crop productivity in sandy soils. Recycling organic wastes might provide such soils with nutritive elements, at the same time, improves their chemical and physical characteristics. Thus, two organic amendments (biochar and compost) were selected in the current study to investigate their effectiveness as amendments of a sandy soil while considering the following two assumptions: (H1) efficiency of a half dose of biochar or less is comparable to the effect of the full dose of compost for improving soil physical and chemical characteristics. Furthermore, the residual effects of biochar (vs. compost) on soil properties seemed to be more noticeable in the successive growing season. (H2) Biochar can negatively affect the bio-availability and concentrations of P and soil micronutrients within the areal parts of plants due to its alkaline nature on one hand, and its relatively high persistence in soil, on the other one. Accordingly sandy soil (of low buffering capacity) was amended with either biochar (BS at elevated rates) and/or compost (CT), solely or in combination and then planted with peanut. The residual effect of these amendments was investigated in the successive season on wheat. Results revealed that the effect of applying 12.5 Mg Bs ha was almost similar to that of applying 25 Mg CT ha during the two seasons of study. On the other hand, the application of only 5 Mg Bs hacould improve slightly; but insignificantly some soil characteristics. The combination between “Bs+CT” recorded further significant improvements in the abovementioned characteristics especially at the higher doses of application. Thus, we partially accept the first assumption. To investigate the second one, the availability of N, P, K, Fe, Zn and Mn nutrients was considered in the investigated soil by the end of each growing season in addition to the concentrations of these nutrients within the areal parts of the grown plants. Results obtained herein indicate that biochar underwent considerable decomposition in sandy soils shifting the pH slightly towards alkalinity. On the other hand, both the biochar and compost could improve significantly the availability of soil macro-and micronutrients and hence increased their uptake by the grown plants. These finding does not support the second hypothesis. In conclusion, biochar is recommended as a slow release fertilizer for macroand micronutrients when applied at only a half dose of compost and its effect on soil physical and chemical characteristics may extend for more than one year after application.