Impedance-Based Assays Along the Life Span of Adherent Mammalian Cells In Vitro: From Initial Adhesion to Cell Death

Tailored hardware, data acquisition modes, electrode designs, and assay procedures have been developed for a fully automated and time-resolved observation of various cell phenotypes and phenotypic changes disclosed in cell-matrix adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, cell migration, signal transduction, or cell death.